Lithium Nickel Oxide Bookmark Notes:

(lithium nickel oxide)

Core Chemistry: Lithium Nickel Oxide (LiNiO₂) is a layered cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Nickel ions (+3) occupy the transition metal layer, while lithium ions shuttle in and out of the lithium layer during charging and discharging.

Key Advantage – High Capacity: Its primary appeal is its high theoretical specific capacity (approximately 275 mAh/g). This is significantly higher than older materials like Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), promising batteries with greater energy storage per weight.

Significant Challenges: Despite the high capacity promise, pure LiNiO₂ faces major hurdles:
* **Structural Instability:** During lithium removal (charging), nickel ions (+3) tend to migrate into the lithium layer. This disrupts the crystal structure and hinders lithium re-insertion (discharging).
* **Safety Concerns:** The structural instability, especially at high states of charge and elevated temperatures, increases the risk of thermal runaway reactions (fire/explosion).
* **Synthesis Difficulty:** Achieving the exact, ordered stoichiometric LiNiO₂ structure is notoriously difficult. Non-stoichiometric forms (Li₁₋ₓNi₁₊ₓO₂) with excess nickel in the lithium layer are common, degrading performance.
* **Cobalt Requirement:** Pure LiNiO₂ is impractical. Small amounts of cobalt (or other elements like aluminum, manganese) are essential dopants to stabilize the structure and improve cyclability, though it’s still fundamentally nickel-rich.

Legacy and Evolution: While pure LiNiO₂ proved too unstable for widespread commercial use, it was crucial research material. Its high capacity potential directly led to the development of vastly superior nickel-rich NMC (LiNiMnCoO₂) and NCA (LiNiCoAlO₂) cathodes. These blend nickel for high capacity with other metals (manganese, aluminum) or cobalt for enhanced structural stability, safety, and cycle life.

(lithium nickel oxide)

Current Status: Pure, undoped LiNiO₂ is not used commercially in lithium-ion batteries due to its inherent instability and safety risks. Its importance lies in its historical role and as the foundation for the high-capacity nickel-rich cathodes powering modern electric vehicles and devices. Research continues on stabilizing nickel-rich structures, but always involves dopants or coatings.
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