Lithium tungsten oxide, often denoted as LixWO3 or LiyWO3+z, represents a class of materials within the tungsten bronze family. Its significance stems primarily from its electrochemical properties, making it relevant for energy storage research, particularly lithium-ion batteries. The structure is typically a distorted perovskite framework derived from WO3, where lithium ions can intercalate into the tunnels and cavities.
(lithium tungsten oxide)
The material exhibits interesting characteristics. It can achieve reasonably high theoretical specific capacities, potentially exceeding 200 mAh/g depending on the specific composition and structure. Lithium insertion/extraction occurs at relatively low voltages, often below 1.5 V vs. Li/Li+, which can be advantageous for certain cell configurations. This low voltage operation is linked to the reduction/oxidation of tungsten ions (W⁶⁺ ↔ W⁵⁺) during cycling.
However, lithium tungsten oxide faces significant challenges hindering widespread commercial battery use. A major issue is its electronic conductivity, which is generally poor in the pristine state. While lithium insertion improves conductivity, it often remains insufficient for high-rate applications without conductive additives or nanostructuring. Lithium-ion diffusion within the crystal lattice can also be slow, limiting power density. Furthermore, structural changes during deep lithium insertion can lead to capacity fading over cycles.
(lithium tungsten oxide)
Synthesis typically involves solid-state reactions, heating mixtures of lithium and tungsten precursors (like carbonates or oxides) at high temperatures (700-1000°C). Precise control over stoichiometry and crystal structure is crucial for optimizing performance. Despite the challenges, research continues due to its unique properties. It serves as a model system for studying intercalation chemistry and finds niche applications in electrochromic devices due to its color changes upon lithium insertion. Its stability compared to some other anode materials also attracts interest for specialized battery designs.
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