Tungsten trioxide WO3 is a critical inorganic compound with unique properties driving diverse applications. It typically appears as a yellow crystalline solid or powder. WO3 is a wide bandgap semiconductor around 2.6-2.8 eV. Its electrical conductivity changes significantly with temperature and gas exposure making it a key material in chemiresistive gas sensors for detecting pollutants like NOx NH3 H2S and O3. Synthesis methods include calcining ammonium paratungstate or direct oxidation of tungsten metal. WO3 exhibits fascinating chromic properties. It is electrochromic meaning its optical transmission and color change reversibly upon charge insertion extraction under an applied voltage. This powers smart windows for energy saving. It also shows photochromism darkening under UV light. Photocatalysis is another major area. WO3 acts as a photocatalyst under visible light for applications like water splitting to produce hydrogen and degrading organic pollutants in water treatment. Its bandgap allows it to absorb a portion of the visible spectrum. Nanostructured WO3 like nanowires nanorods and nanoflowers enhances surface area improving performance in sensing electrochromic devices and photocatalysis. Thin films are crucial for electrochromic windows and displays. WO3 is also used in fireproofing fabrics as a pigment in ceramics and paints and historically in x-ray screens phosphors. Its stability non toxicity and tunable properties through doping or nanostructuring ensure its continued importance in advanced materials science for energy environmental and electronic technologies.

(wo3 tungsten)

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