1. Beginning, Make-up, and Molecular Style
1.1 Natural Resource and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based foaming agents are obtained mainly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir by-products such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Through regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural proteins are damaged down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH ₂,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional teams.
This double fondness makes it possible for the molecules to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces during mechanical aeration, decreasing surface area stress and supporting bubble development– an essential demand for generating uniform mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, pet protein frothing agents are naturally degradable, safe, and display outstanding compatibility with Rose city cement systems as a result of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– generally in between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam security, water drainage rate, and bubble size, making procedure control during hydrolysis essential for regular performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When weakened with water (generally at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented into a foam generator, the protein solution develops a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This film resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of larger bubbles at the cost of smaller ones– by forming a mechanically durable interfacial layer enhanced via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam exhibits high expansion ratios (usually 15– 25:1) and reduced drain rates (
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