1. Product Make-up and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically adhered core-shell architecture.
The steel core, typically low-carbon or stainless-steel, supplies mechanical toughness with tensile strengths going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– normally 2– 10% of the complete size– conveys excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
The interface between steel and copper is critical for performance; it is engineered through electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to ensure solid attachment and minimal interdiffusion under operational tensions.
Electroplating is the most typical technique, using accurate density control and consistent protection on continual steel filaments drawn with copper sulfate baths.
Correct surface pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleaning, pickling, and activation, guarantees optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination during subsequent processing or solution.
With time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can form breakable iron-copper intermetallic stages at the user interface, which might jeopardize versatility and long-term reliability– an obstacle reduced by diffusion barriers or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Practical Characteristic
CCSFs combine the very best characteristics of both basic metals: the high flexible modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity generally ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Requirement (IACS), depending upon finish density and purity, making CCSF dramatically more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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